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Acid
A substance that, in liquid form, will turn blue litmus paper red, react with alkalis (bases) to form salts, and dissolve metals to form salts.
On the pH scale of 0 to 14, acids register in numbers less than 7.
Alcohol
Any of a group of organic compounds that contains a hydroxyl (OH) group.
A common example is ethyl alcohol (C2 H5 OH).
Alkali
Any compound that has chemical qualities of a base, such as reacting with acids to form salts.
On the pH scale, alkalis register in numbers larger than 7.
Anion
An ion with a negative electrical charge.
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Base
An alkaline substance, either in molecular or ionic form, that will accept or receive a proton from another chemical unit. An example is a hydroxyl ion.
Benzene ring
A common organic molecule structure consisting of a ring of six carbon atoms with an equal number of attached hydrogen atoms
(C6 H6 ). Many organic chemicals occur in a benzene ring format with various atoms or radicals substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms, as in toluene and xylene as variations of benzene.
Bond
A strong electrical force that holds atoms together in molecules, crystals, and other combinations. A molecular bond may depend on the attractive
force of an electron whose orbit spans the outer shells of two or more component atoms. In double bonds, two pairs of electrons may be shared equally by adjacent atoms.
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Catalyst
A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without becoming a part of the end product of the reaction. A catalyst can generally be recovered
in its original form following the reaction.
Compound
A substance formed by the combination of two or more chemical elements that cannot be separated from the combination by physical
means. The constituent atoms, however, can usually be separated by means of chemical reactions.
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Electrolyte
Any chemical, such as a mineral, that when melted or dissolved in water will show an electrical attraction or conduct an electric current.
Electron
A negatively charged particle that moves in an orbit about the nucleus of an atom.
Element
A substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number or the same number of protons in their nuclei. Examples include oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon and gold.
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Hydrocarbon
Any of a large group of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, usually associated with current or past
life processes.
Hydroxyl
pertaining to the negatively charged OH (oxygen + hydrogen) radical in an organic compound.
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Inorganic Chemistry
A branch of chemical science that deals primarily with elements and compounds that do not include hydrocarbons.
Isotope
One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but a different mass number due to the different number of neutrons in their nuclei.
An example is zinc, which has isotopes with five different mass numbers ranging from 64 to 70. However, all of the isotopes have equal nuclear charges, orbital electrons, and chemical properties.
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Mass number
The atomic weight of an isotope, calculated from the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Matter
Anything that has weight or fills space, such as a solid, liquid, or gas.
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Organic chemistry
A branch of chemistry that specializes in the composition, properties, and reactions of hydrocarbon compounds.
Oxidation
Any chemical reaction that increases the number of oxygen atoms in a compound, or in which the positive valence is increased by a
loss of electrons.
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PH
A symbol for hydrogen ion activity of a substance as an expression of the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
Values of pH range from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 representing acid-base neutrality. The degree of acidity increases as the number progresses toward zero, while alkalinity increases as the pH number
approaches 14.
Polymer
A huge molecule composed of repeating units of the same molecule. An example is polyethylene, formed by linking ethylene molecules into
a giant chain.
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Reduction
A chemical reaction in which a substance gains electrons or loses part of its positive valence. Reduction generally occurs in a reaction
that also involves oxidation.
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Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solvent The substance that represents the greatest proportion of parts of a solution when two or more substances, such as a solid and liquid, are mixed.
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Valence
A number that represents the combining power of an element, ion, or radical. The valence of hydrogen is + 1,
while the valence of oxygen is-2.
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